On Friday I started a series of articles about happiness, and I talked about how money and income, along with career and gender, impact happiness. I’m heading toward some thoughts on how politics and political ideology affect happiness, but on the way I’d like to consider a couple of other factors: the impact of social media and social connections, and the impact of religious belief.
First, it’s pretty easy to see social media as a big dose of brain poison that you’re inviting into your house and life on a daily basis. But I won’t go nearly that far. I think the internet is like many things in life, in that it is not intrinsically good or bad. It offers many possibilities that you can use to either improve your life or degrade it.
Sure, there’s lots of porn and conspiracy theories and political dreck that takes over way too many people’s lives. But there’s also smart conversation and music and all of the great achievements of humanity at your fingertips. And there’s the possibility of making a network of social connections, too.
Regular readers will remember that I only started this page because an impressive guy calling himself CO (the Cautious Optimist) started a Facebook page called Cautious Optimism over 10 years ago now, and invited me to join some early members and write occasional pieces there. The site dealt with everything from culture to music to politics and humor, and people were free to contribute links and commentary for everybody to discuss. A great person volunteered to police the site and kick out the trolls (Shout out to Laura Belveal!), and soon many hundreds of smart and interesting people started chiming in, and a great community of over 30,000 members grew up there. Facebook inexplicably shut the site down last November for no reason that they were willing to disclose, and that was a real loss to many of us – which is a sadly ironic testament to the positive impact that social media can have in our lives.
By the way, some of you have regularly been asking me if the mysterious CO might ever start the page up again. I can only say that I’ve been in regular contact with him, and have been encouraging him to do so; he seems to be considering it, but I don’t know more than that right now.
Anyway, having said all that, social media still has obvious downsides that impede personal happiness in ways that I think we’ve only started to grasp. Some of them are simply the opportunity cost involved in anything that takes up that much of your time. If you’re spending many hours a day consuming social media on screens, you’re by definition not spending those hours interacting with people in the real world, or reading books, or learning a language or an instrument, or walking in the woods.
Also there is the big problem of comparing yourself to others – most of whom have painted a falsely positive picture of their own lives in their online posts – which is a recipe for misery, and also for feeding the narcissism to which we are all susceptible. Everybody wants to be an influencer of some sort, with their own podcast or website, and will seemingly sell their souls for clicks. (And I say that as someone who has been on a few podcasts, and writes my own columns and has recorded a few videos for this, my own website!)
(Sidebar: Narcissism is terrible, whether it is exacerbated by social media or not. The quality that is opposed to narcissism – humility – is an old-fashioned and misunderstood virtue, because we often think of it as putting yourself down or feeling inferior. But I love CS Lewis’s definition: “Humility is not thinking less of yourself, it’s thinking of yourself less.”)
Another problem with social media is the way it can cut us off from community, social networks and inter-connectedness. (And of course, it is good when it does the opposite, as I think it does when people use it to establish worthwhile and nurturing online communities like the late, lamented CO site.)
Researchers who study happiness have long pointed to having friend networks and social connections as a reliable index of personal happiness, and though social media has clearly exacerbated the deterioration of these connections, it was already going on in America before the internet.
Robert Putnam wrote an influential book in 2000 called Bowling Alone, in which he documented the trend. He pointed to the marked decrease of people participating in social organizations like scouting (for children), and civic or fraternal organizations like The Lions Clubs, Elks Clubs, Rotary, Kiwanis, etc. for adults. His title comes from the fact that while slightly more Americans were bowling, many fewer were bowling in organized leagues. Hence “bowling alone.”
The declining participation in fraternal organizations – some of which were religiously affiliated, such as the Knights of Columbus or the Hibernians – was mirrored by decreasing church attendance and participation in religious organizations. And that trend influences human happiness, too.
There is a large body of research that suggests that actively religious people are happier than irreligious people. Some studies point to variations within the larger finding – looking at the way the connection between religious participation and happiness may be shaped by differences in nationality, economic status, and others – but the overall connection appears to be consistent.
A recent study from Pew Research of survey results from the US and 25 other nations is fairly typical. Those studied were categorized into three groups: the actively religious (who worship at least monthly), the inactively religious (who identify with a religion but attend less frequently), and the unaffiliated, or “nones” (i.e. the non-religious).
In most of the countries surveyed, the actively religious were more likely than those in the other two categories to describe themselves as “very happy.” In the US, 36% of the actively religious – compared to 25% of the inactive and 25% of the “nones” – described themselves that way.
The same pattern held when looking at how often the three groups also participated in other types of non-religious organizations, such as charities and clubs. Among the actively religious, 58% also participated in at least one nonreligious voluntary organization, as compared with 51% of the inactives, and only 39% of the “nones.”
I know it’s wise to tread lightly when it comes to religion, but I will say that I find these patterns both intuitive and counter-intuitive, in different ways. Because of my own bias – I’m a Christian – I’m predisposed to think that my faith would naturally make people generally happier. The word “gospel” means “good news,” and the idea that a loving Creator made me in His image is pretty sweet.
On the other hand, I can also see ways in which religion could make one unhappy, and atheism could make one happy. Because the idea of adhering to a moral code that forbids a lot of pretty alluring things – hookers and blow are off-limits, as is smiting the many idiots in life who strike me as quite smite-worthy – and teaches that at the end of this life I will be called to account by my Maker for every word and deed in my life? Not so giddy-making.
Conversely, atheism – to the extent that it sees humans as animals with a more developed frontal cortex, morality as human-devised and arbitrary, and conscience as an illegitimate restriction imposed on the individual by others in their own self-interest – gives one a desirable permission slip to do what feels good or serves you. Hookers and blow and smiting the smite-worthy are back on the table, along with raping and pillaging and all else that you can do without getting caught.
(Or, to paraphrase Dostoevsky, “If there is no God, nothing is impermissible.”)
Now I’m not here to tell you which is the One True Religion. I’ve made my call on that, but you’ll have to work that out on your own. (I recommend doing so with fear and trembling, so….)
But this last point provides me with a transition to my remaining thoughts about happiness, which I will explore next time.
Here’s a preview: politics strongly affects happiness, with conservatives generally being much happier than leftists.
My previous point suggests at least a partial explanation, because Republicans are per capita much more religious than Democrats. Another Pew Research Center study that has been conducted three times since 2007 – this one looking at the “religious identities, beliefs and practices” of over 35,000 Americans – includes the following findings:
81% of Republicans identify with a religion, as compared with 50% of Democrats
52% of Republicans pray daily; 41% go to church as least monthly; 48% say religion is important in their lives
For Democrats, those numbers are 35%, 24% and 28%, respectively
Another study found that even as the percentage of Republicans who are irreligious has grown, there is still a large “God gap” between the parties. This phenomenon played out in the 2024 election, when 80% of Trump voters identified as Christians, compared to just 40% of Harris voters. Two-thirds of Harris voters “seldom” or “never” attend church.
So if religious people are happier, and more conservatives than liberals are religious, that pattern partially explains the happiness gap between the left and right.
But only partially. If you’ll hang in there with me, I’ll look at some of the others causes in my next column.
Que Mala/Crockett, 2028!
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